Business essay topics cover many themes, from entrepreneurship, corporate governance, and strategic planning to ethical business practices, sustainability, and global economics. These themes allow all students to critically explore the intricacies of the business world, presenting opportunities to delve into case studies, analyze industry trends, evaluate business models, and propose innovative solutions. By assessing the impacts of governmental policies, societal influences, technological advancements, and environmental factors on business operations, learners can enhance their understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of businesses. Additionally, discussions on leadership styles, organizational culture, change management, and negotiation strategies foster interpersonal awareness and leadership acumen. Hence, business essay topics provide a solid foundation for developing insightful and engaging papers, nurturing analytical thinking, and paving the way for future business leaders.
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What Is a Business Essay Topic and Its Purpose
According to its definition, a business essay topic is a specific subject or theme within a given field that provides a focus for research, analysis, and discussion in an academic or professional setting. For example, the main purpose for selecting a business essay topic is to encourage critical thinking and an in-depth understanding of complex business concepts (Gitman et al., 2024). Basically, different themes serve as valid foundations for writing papers that explore and describe various aspects of business, such as management strategies, organizational behavior, marketing trends, financial analysis, and corporate ethics. Further on, by selecting a relevant and thought-provoking essay topic, students can demonstrate their ability to analyze real-world business challenges, offer solutions, and engage with theoretical frameworks (Haynes et al., 2020). In principle, they provide an opportunity to showcase research skills, as they require referencing credible sources and supporting arguments with evidence. Moreover, these subjects encourage students to engage with contemporary issues, provide evidence-based arguments, and develop insights that can inform decision-making in a business world (Shani & Coghlan, 2019). Hence, business essay topics enhance a better understanding of key business principles while contributing valuable perspectives on modern business challenges.
How to Choose
Choosing a good business essay topic requires considering key factors to ensure a theme is relevant, engaging, and academically appropriate. For example, students should cover ideas that align with a scope of a specific course or area of study (Breuer et al., 2023). In principle, good business essay themes should provide an in-depth analysis and offer a variety of perspectives. Further on, diverse subjects should address contemporary issues or trends within a business field, allowing for an entire integration of current data, case studies, and real-world examples (Hair et al., 2023). As such, a student’s personal interest in a subject matter is crucial because it will motivate an author to conduct thorough research and maintain engagement throughout a paper. Moreover, chosen business essay topics should have ample sources available for research, including academic journals, books, and reputable online resources (Torkkeli, 2023). Basically, students should select subjects that present an opportunity for critical thinking and debate, encouraging a valid exploration of multiple viewpoints and a development of well-supported arguments. In turn, some steps for picking a good business essay topic include:
Identify Your Area of Interest: Choose a business area you are passionate about to maintain engagement and motivation throughout an entire research process.
Consider Relevance to Your Course: Ensure your ideas align with a central objective and scope of your academic or professional program.
Focus on Current Trends: Select themes that reflect contemporary issues or challenges in a business world, allowing for an integration of an up-to-date research.
Evaluate an Availability of Resources: Choose subjects with sufficient academic and credible sources for thorough research and evidence-based arguments.
Ensure Room for Critical Analysis: Pick a relevant business essay topic that encourages multiple viewpoints, allowing for an in-depth analysis and development of well-supported conclusions.
Analysis of Market Segmentation and Targeting Strategies
Corporate Strategies for Dealing With Negative Publicity
Circular Economy: A Sustainable Business Model for the Future
Corporate Whistleblowing Policies and Their Importance
Transformation of the Tourism Industry Through Digitalization
Influence of Regulatory Changes on the Pharmaceutical Industry
Human Resource Management in the Era of Automation
Peer-to-Peer Lending: Impact on Traditional Banking Systems
Interesting Business Essay Topics
Evaluating the Effect of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction
Building Resilience: Business Continuity Planning in Times of Crisis
ESG Investing: Emerging Trends and Market Implications
Cryptocurrency: Its Influence on Global Monetary Systems
Navigating Business Challenges in the Healthcare Industry
Impacts of Corporate Culture on Business Performance
Strategies for Mitigating Supply Chain Disruptions
Exploring Business Opportunities in the Space Industry
Sustainability Reporting: Its Role in Corporate Transparency
The Evolution of Customer Loyalty Programs in Retail Business
Roles of Quality Management in Manufacturing Industries
Impacts of Automation on Job Market Dynamics
Mobile Commerce: Understanding Its Impact on Retail Sales
Transition to Renewable Energy: Implications for the Oil Industry
Dissecting the Relationship Between Employee Engagement and Profitability
Impacts of Tax Policies on Entrepreneurship and Business Growth
Implementing Agile Methodologies in Non-Tech Industries
Strategies for Reducing Employee Turnover Rates
Roles of Corporate Training in Employee Performance Improvement
Big Data: A Game Changer in Business Intelligence
Business Strategies for Attracting Millennial Consumers
Influence of Regulatory Changes on the Pharmaceutical Industry
Academic Level Difference
Academic level differences in business essay topics reflect a varying depth and complexity of analysis expected at different stages of education. At an undergraduate level, business essay ideas tend to focus on foundational concepts, such as basic management principles, marketing strategies, or introductory financial analysis (Torkkeli, 2023). In principle, these themes require students to demonstrate an understanding of key theories and apply them to real-world situations, with an emphasis on clarity and practical application. At a master’s level, business essay topics become more specialized and address advanced concepts, like strategic decision-making, international business dynamics, or complex financial modeling (Gitman et al., 2024). As such, students need to demonstrate their critical thinking, integration of academic research, and an ability to analyze complex problems within a global business context. Moreover, Ph.D.-level business essay topics are highly focused on original research and theoretical contributions (Hair et al., 2023). Basically, diverse subjects explore cutting-edge issues in business, requiring students to identify gaps in existing literature, propose innovative solutions, and contribute new insights to the field. Thus, academic levels dictate a scope, complexity, and depth of business essay topics, with increasing emphasis on originality and research rigor at advanced stages.
Business Essay Topics for High School
Exploring the Impact of Globalization on Small Businesses
The Role of Social Media Marketing in Contemporary Commerce
Ethical Dilemmas in International Trade: An Examination
Analyzing the Effects of Technology Innovation on Retail Business
Franchising Models: A Comparative Analysis of Benefits and Risks
Corporate Social Responsibility: Balancing Profit With Philanthropy
Sustainable Business Practices for Environmental Conservation
Cryptocurrency Influence on the Future of Finance and Commerce
Work-From-Home Trend: Implications for Future Workplaces
Roles of AI in Business Management: Challenges and Opportunities
Analysis of Global Economic Crises and Their Effects on Businesses
Supply Chain Management: The Hidden Aspect of Retail Success
Examining the Legal Implications of Intellectual Property Rights in Businesses
Venture Capital: A Deep Dive Into Startup Financing
Green Businesses: The Prospects of Eco-Friendly Entrepreneurship
Privacy Issues in Digital Marketing and Consumer Rights
Future Predictions: The Evolution of E-Commerce Post-Pandemic
Merger and Acquisition Strategies: Winning in the Corporate World
Business Models in the Music Industry: A Changing Landscape
Success Factors: Dissecting Successful Online Business Platforms
Business Essay Topics for Middle School
Competitive Advantage Through Business Process Reengineering
E-Waste Management: Corporate Responsibility and Environmentally Sound Practices
Consumer Behavior Trends in the Age of Sustainable Products
Youth Entrepreneurship: Empowering the Next Generation of Innovators
Risk Management Strategies in the Banking Sector
Gender Diversity: The Impact on Corporate Performance
Cultivating Innovation: Business Incubators and Their Role
Corporate Governance: Ensuring Transparency and Accountability
Emotional Intelligence: A Crucial Factor in Business Leadership
Understanding the Nuances of Family-Owned Businesses
Crowdfunding: A Modern Approach to Raise Capital for Business
Understanding Business Models in the Gig Economy
Breakthroughs in Fintech: Consequences for Traditional Banking
Influence of Pop Culture on Fashion Industry Trends
Roles of Government Regulation in Tech Industry: A Dual-Edged Sword
Cybersecurity Challenges in E-Commerce: Securing Online Transactions
Investigating the Growth of Women in Entrepreneurship
Organizational Culture: Its Significance in Business Success
Business Lessons From Notable Corporate Failures
Unveiling the Power of Branding in Business Expansion
Biotechnology Innovations: Transforming the Healthcare Industry
Understanding the Dynamics of a Stock Market Crash on Businesses
Business Essay Topics for College Students
Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Impact on Brand Image
The Role of Digital Transformation in Business Sustainability
Investigating the Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction and Productivity
Effects of Globalization on Small and Medium Enterprises
Impacts of E-Commerce on Traditional Retail Businesses
The Emergence and Evolution of Cryptocurrencies in Modern Business
Strategies for Effective Supply Chain Management in a Globalized Economy
Effects of Organizational Culture on Business Success
Roles of Business Intelligence in Decision-Making Processes
Examination of Green Business Practices and Their Profitability
Importance of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership and Management
Interplay Between Business Ethics and Financial Performance
Evaluating the Efficacy of Agile Project Management in Tech Startups
Evolution of Artificial Intelligence and Its Business Implications
Exploration of Gender Inequality in Corporate Leadership Roles
Impacts of Technological Advancements on Job Market Trends
The Interrelationship Between Employee Retention and Customer Satisfaction
Influence of Social Media on Consumer Behavior and Business Marketing
Assessing the Impact of Tax Policies on Business Growth and Innovation
Investigation Into the Role of Networking in Business Development
Business Process Outsourcing: Benefits and Risks
Business Essay Topics for University
Analyzing the Role of Government Regulation in Business Operations
Examination of Blockchain Technology and Its Application in Business Transactions
The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Business Innovation
Disruptive Innovation: Understanding Its Effect on Industry Dynamics
Exploring the Sustainability of Family-Owned Businesses Over Generations
Investigating the Role of Data Privacy in Digital Marketing Strategies
The Influence of Employee Training Programs on Business Growth
Examining the Impact of Corporate Bankruptcy on Stakeholders
Mergers and Acquisitions: A Strategic Tool for Business Expansion
Sustainability Reporting: Its Significance in Business Transparency
Effectiveness of Different Leadership Styles in Diverse Business Environments
Importance of Diversity and Inclusion in Modern Business Strategy
The Role of Venture Capital in Supporting Entrepreneurial Innovation
Examining the Impact of Climate Change on Business Strategies
The Role of Information Technology in Enhancing Business Communication
Impacts of Pandemic Outbreaks on Business Continuity Planning
Importance of Branding Strategies in a Highly Competitive Market
The Role of Mobile Technology in Revolutionizing Business Practices
Exploration of Consumer Psychology in Influencing Marketing Tactics
Assessing the Impact of Business Education on Entrepreneurial Success
Effectiveness of Online Advertising in Enhancing Business Visibility
Influence of Corporate Governance on Shareholder Value
Exploring the Balance Between Profit and Social Responsibility in Businesses
Business Essay Topics for Master’s and Ph.D.
Corporate Governance and Ethical Leadership in Global Corporations
Financial Risk Management Strategies in Multinational Companies
Influence of Globalization on Emerging Market Economies
Digital Transformation and Its Effect on Organizational Efficiency
Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance
Evaluating the Effects of Remote Work on Corporate Culture
Mergers and Acquisitions: Success Factors and Common Pitfalls
Examining the Impact of Corporate Financial Leverage on Shareholder Value
Organizational Change Management and Employee Adaptation to New Technologies
Sustainable Business Models and Their Viability in the Green Economy
Influence of Regulatory Frameworks on International Trade Agreements
Corporate Crisis Management: Case Studies of Global Business Failures
Strategic Alliances and Partnerships in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Venture Capital Investment and Its Role in Fostering Startup Innovation
Assessing the Impact of Business Analytics on Decision-Making Efficiency
Corporate Innovation Strategies in Response to Market Disruption
Ethical Implications of Data Privacy in Digital Marketing Practices
Cross-Cultural Management Challenges in Global Expansion
Employee Retention Strategies in High-Turnover Industries
Artificial Intelligence Integration in Financial Services: Risks and Opportunities
Business Topics for Argumentative Essays
Implications of Automation on the Human Workforce
Relevance of Physical Stores in the E-Commerce Era
Corporate Social Responsibility: Obligation or Choice?
Impacts of Universal Basic Income on Business Sustainability
Tax Incentives for Startups: Boosting Innovation or Fueling Inequality?
Ethical Implications of Data Mining in Business
Traditional Advertising vs. Digital Marketing: Effectiveness Comparison
Cryptocurrencies’ Influence on Traditional Banking Systems
Sustainability Practices: Moral Imperatives or Business Strategies?
Remote Workforce: Effect on Productivity and Corporate Culture
Green Initiatives’ Impacts on Business Profitability
Brexit’s Consequences for European Business Environment
Regulatory Measures Against Tech Monopolies: Necessity or Overreach?
Trade Wars: National Security or Economic Destruction?
Balancing Profit and Ethical Sourcing in the Fashion Industry
Roles of Business Education in Shaping Future Entrepreneurs
Impacts of Intellectual Property Rights on Innovation
Influence of Consumer Activism on Corporate Policies
Franchise Businesses: Success Model or Exploitative System?
Globalization’s Effects on Local Small and Medium Enterprises
Worker Cooperatives: Ideal Business Model or Unrealistic Ideal?
Persuasive Business Essay Topics
Adapting Business Strategies for Climate Change
Telecommuting: A Viable Model for Future Workplaces
Ethical Standards in Advertising: Redefining Boundaries
Implementing Machine Learning for Enhanced Customer Experience
Influences of Cultural Diversity on Global Teams
Transforming Traditional Retail With E-Commerce Solutions
Green Energy Investments: Future of Corporate Responsibility
Emotional Intelligence: Essential Component of Leadership
Advancements in Artificial Intelligence: Boon or Bane for Employment
Quality vs. Quantity: Effective Customer Acquisition Strategies
Remote Work Culture: Impact on Employee Productivity
Digitization of Businesses: A Necessity in Modern Era
Data Privacy Regulations: Balancing Consumer Trust and Business Needs
Role of Influencer Marketing in Enhancing Brand Visibility
Sustainability Practices: Integral Part of Business Ethics
Role of Interpersonal Skills in Business Success
Adopting Lean Manufacturing for Operational Efficiency
Women in Leadership Roles: Driving Business Innovation
Social Media’s Impact on Consumer Decision-Making
Financial Literacy: A Mandatory Skill for Entrepreneurs
Intellectual Property Rights: Safeguarding Business Innovation
Corporate Philanthropy: Impact on Brand Image
Automation in Business: Evaluating the Pros and Cons
Small Business Essay Topics
Strategies for Financial Management in Small Businesses
Analyzing the Role of Leadership in Small Business Success
Small Businesses and Their Involvement in Local Communities
Incorporating Sustainability Practices Into Small Businesses
Overcoming Challenges of International Trade for Small Firms
Navigating Digital Transformation in the Small Business Sector
Importance of Business Ethics in Small Enterprises
Small Business Survival: Lessons From Economic Recessions
Innovations in Small Business: A Key to Competitive Advantage
Women Entrepreneurs and Their Role in Small Business Evolution
The Effect of Government Policies on Small Businesses
Contributions of Small Businesses to the National Economy
Customer Relationship Management in Small Businesses
Startups vs. Established Small Businesses: A Comparative Analysis
Influence of Technology on Productivity in Small Enterprises
Addressing Workforce Diversity in Small Business Environments
Exploring the Relationship between Small Business and the Local Economy
Significance of Training and Development in Small Businesses
Potential Risks and Opportunities in Small Business Franchising
The Role of Small Businesses in Promoting a Green Economy
Medium Business Essay Topics
Accelerating Growth: Key Strategies for Medium-Sized Businesses
Building a Robust Organizational Structure for Sustainable Business Expansion
Overcoming Financial Challenges: A Case Study of Successful Medium Businesses
Cultivating Innovation: The Role of Leadership in Medium Enterprises
Technologies That Redefine Efficiency in Modern Business Operations
Reimagining Customer Service: The Transformative Power of Digital Tools
Evaluating the Impact of Regulatory Compliance on Medium Enterprises
Pursuing Global Opportunities: A Guide for Medium Businesses
Harnessing Data Analytics for Strategic Decision-Making in Business
Exploring Green Business Practices: Sustainability in Medium Enterprises
Developing a Dynamic and Diverse Workforce: Human Resources Strategies for Medium Businesses
Navigating Economic Uncertainty: Risk Management Tactics for Midsize Firms
Agile Management: Adapting to Fast-Paced Market Changes
Leveraging E-Commerce for Growth: Opportunities for Medium Enterprises
Marketing in the Digital Era: Best Practices for Medium-Sized Businesses
Streamlining Supply Chains: Techniques for Medium-Sized Firms
Strategic Partnerships: Exploring Their Impact on Business Growth
Positioning for Success: Branding Strategies for Medium Enterprises
Transformative Leadership: Creating a Culture of Excellence in Business
Investing in Employee Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis for Medium Businesses
Engaging Stakeholders: The Key Role Communication Plays in Business Success
Startup Strategy Essay Topics
Analyzing the Role of Disruptive Innovation in Startup Success
Strategic Decision-Making Processes in Early-Stage Startups
Leveraging Network Effects for Business Expansion
Scalability: Key Factors for Sustainable Startup Growth
Understanding the Importance of Customer Discovery in Product Development
Tactics for Attracting Venture Capital in Competitive Markets
Embracing Agile Methodologies for Rapid Startup Development
Digital Marketing Strategies: Driving Growth in Startups
Implementing Lean Startup Principles for Efficient Business Operations
Roles of Intellectual Property Rights in Safeguarding Startup Innovations
Importance of Founder’s Vision in Shaping Startup Strategy
Strategic Partnerships: Fostering Growth in Startups
Effectively Using Big Data Analytics in Startup Growth Strategy
Workplace Culture: Its Impact on Startup Success
Analyzing the Role of Bootstrapping in Startup Financial Strategy
Challenges in Balancing Speed and Quality in Startup Growth
Globalization: Expanding Startup Reach Beyond Local Markets
Understanding the Impact of Regulatory Compliance on Startup Strategy
Embracing Corporate Social Responsibility in Startup Culture
Financial Forecasting: Essential Component of Startup Planning
Business Startup Essay Topics
Defining Entrepreneurship: A Detailed Analysis of Its Evolution
Impacts of Technological Innovations on Startup Success
Social Entrepreneurship: Transforming Society Through Business
Understanding the Role of Venture Capital in Startups
Examining the Importance of Business Plans for New Enterprises
Navigating Business Regulations and Legalities for Startups
A Comprehensive Review of Risk Management in Startup Companies
Essential Marketing Strategies for Startup Success
Exploration of the Lean Startup Methodology in Today’s Business Environment
Disruptive Innovations: A Deep Dive Into Startup Business Models
Sustainability in Business: Incorporating Green Practices in Startups
Identifying Market Opportunities: A Key Step for Startups
Significance of a Robust Human Resources Strategy in Startups
Crowdfunding as a Financial Booster for Startup Businesses
Blockchain and Its Potential Impact on Startup Businesses
Globalization and Its Effects on Startup Expansion
Financial Management Practices: Vital Components for Startup Survival
Roles of Leadership and Organizational Culture in Startup Growth
Exploring the Challenges of Scaling Up a Startup
Relationship Between Customer Satisfaction and Startup Success
Digital Marketing Techniques: Boosting Online Presence for Startups
Business Management Essay Topics
Disruptive Innovation: Catalyst for Market Evolution
Leadership Styles: Their Impact on Organizational Productivity
Emotional Intelligence: Essential Ingredient for Effective Management
Sustainable Business Practices: Ensuring Corporate Social Responsibility
Performance Appraisals: Objectivity and Fairness in Evaluations
Globalization: Transforming Traditional Business Operations
Diversification Strategies: Expanding Business Horizons
Data-Driven Decisions: Role in Corporate Strategy
Workplace Diversity: Nurturing an Inclusive Culture
Organizational Behavior: Key for Understanding Employee Engagement
Digital Marketing Strategies in Enhancing Consumer Engagement
Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Economies
Corporate Social Responsibility: Impact on Business Profitability
E-Commerce Evolution: Market Trends and Economic Implications
Sustainable Business Practices: Necessity or Luxury?
Microfinance Institutions: Economic Empowerment Tool for the Underserved
Assessing the Efficiency of Stock Markets
Fintech Revolution: Its Consequences on Traditional Banking
Gig Economy: Labor Rights and Economic Stability
Effects of Political Instability on International Trade
Green Economy: Potential for Sustainable Development
Venture Capital Funding: A Catalyst for Innovation
Impacts of Economic Policies on Income Inequality
Cryptocurrency Influence on Global Economic Structures
Workplace Automation: Its Effect on Employment Rates
Intellectual Property Rights: Protection and Economic Impact
Data Privacy Regulations: Their Effect on Digital Businesses
Outsourcing Strategies: Profit Maximization or Quality Compromise?
Diversification in Business: Risk Management and Return on Investment
Corporate Law Essay Topics
Exploring the Role of Corporate Governance in Publicly Listed Companies
Legal Implications of Mergers and Acquisitions: A Deep Dive
Understanding Securities Regulation and Its Effect on Corporations
The Impact of Bankruptcy Laws on Corporate Restructuring
Analyzing the Interplay Between Corporate Law and Environmental Regulations
Debating the Efficacy of Antitrust Laws in Modern Corporations
Interpreting Fiduciary Duties of Directors Under Corporate Law
Probing the Ethical Dilemmas in Corporate Legal Practice
Investigating the Influence of Intellectual Property Rights on Corporate Growth
Navigating Legal Challenges in International Business Transactions
The Evolution of Corporate Personhood: A Legal Perspective
Examining the Role of Compliance in Risk Management
Comparative Analysis of Corporate Laws Across Different Jurisdictions
Evaluating Legal Strategies for Corporate Social Responsibility
Unraveling the Complexities of Shareholder Rights and Responsibilities
Deriving Insights From Notable Corporate Law Cases
Delineating the Legal Framework for Business Entity Formation
Shareholders versus Stakeholders: A Legal Conundrum
Corporate Liability in the Age of Globalization
Unearthing Legal Aspects of Venture Capital and Private Equity
Scrutinizing the Effects of Labor Laws on Corporate Policy
Global Business Essay Topics
Navigating Cultural Differences in International Business Relations
Technological Innovations Driving Global Commerce
Influence of Cryptocurrency on International Trade
The Role of AI in Shaping Global Business Strategies
Sustainability Practices in Global Corporations: Case Studies
Impacts of Brexit on European Business Landscape
Comparative Analysis of Trade Policies Across Nations
The Influence of International Trade Agreements on the Global Economy
Roles of World Trade Organization (WTO) in Global Commerce
Global Supply Chain Management: Challenges and Solutions
Climate Change: Addressing its Impact on Global Businesses
Cultural Intelligence: Essential Skill in International Business
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Trends and Impacts
Outsourcing Business Processes: Analysis of Costs and Benefits
The Future of E-Commerce in Developing Countries
Trade Wars: Implications for Global Businesses
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Multinational Enterprises
Rise of Asian Economies: Implications for Global Business
Mergers and Acquisitions in the Global Business Scene
Economic Crises and Their Impact on International Trade
Emergency Business Assistance Topics
Managing Cash Flow During Unexpected Disasters
Navigating Legal Concerns After a Business Interruption
Establishing Effective Communication Channels in Emergencies
Creating a Resilient Business Model: Tactics and Strategies
Mental Health: Supporting Employees Through Crisis
Essential Operations: Continuity Planning and Implementation
Understanding Government Aid: Available Resources for Businesses
Building Robust Supply Chains for Crisis Situations
Redesigning Physical Spaces: Best Practices for Safe Operations
Reviving Sales: Marketing in a Post-Crisis Environment
Leveraging Technology for Business Continuity During Disruptions
Stakeholder Management in Times of Crisis
Strategic Decision-Making Under Emergency Conditions
Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Business in a Digital Environment
Dealing With Debt: Financial Strategies for Business Recovery
Remote Workforce: Maintaining Productivity During Crisis
Public Relations: Crafting Messages for Crisis Management
Inventory Management: Securing Supply in Unforeseen Situations
Maintaining Quality Customer Service Amidst Disruptions
Rebuilding Trust With Clients Post-Crisis
Vendor Management: Strategies for Keeping Essential Supplies
References
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Gitman, L. J., McDaniel, C., Shah, A., Reece, M., Koffel, L., Talsma, B., & Hyatt, J. C. (2024). Introduction to business. OpenStax.
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