How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation With Examples
- 8 October 2020
- 1644 words
A famous DSM refers to a handbook used by clinicians and psychiatrists in the United States. Basically, there exist different editions of DSM manuals. In practice, this guidebook contains information regarding all mental-related health disorders for adults and children. As such, one may find descriptions, symptoms, and other details required to diagnose psychological health conditions in a DSM handbook. Then, other essential details include statistics about the gender differences concerning the psychiatric conditions, the age of onset, effects of management, and conventional treatment methods. In this case, 6th and 7th editions of APA have specific guidelines that people must follow for their citations. Moreover, both methods require one to use correct in-text citations and bibliographic entries. In both cases, citation entries should contain an author, publication date, a DSM-5’s title, a version of a manual, and a DOI or link. When citing chapters, writers should include their full entries after a publication date. Besides, in-text citations contain an author and publication date. In turn, the main difference between APA 6th and 7th editions is a particular use of initials and versions in in-text citations. Finally, students may use a specific acronym “DSM-5” inside an entire text, which must follow a full transcription when used first. As a result, scholars need to learn how to cite a DSM-5-TR in APA 7 and 6 to provide high-quality essays and research papers.
General Guidelines
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) refers to a handbook used by clinicians and psychiatrists in the United States. Basically, these health practitioners use a DSM handbook to diagnose mental illnesses. In this case, DSM guidelines contain details about all mental-related health disorders for all people. Further on, one may find descriptions, symptoms, and other details required to diagnose psychological health conditions for children and adults. Besides, such a manual contains statistics about gender differences concerning psychiatric conditions. Then, other details include the age of onset, effects of management, and conventional treatment approaches. Moreover, mental health practitioners use this manual when classifying patients for billing purposes. Hence, students have to learn how to cite a DSM-5-TR in APA 7 and 6.
What Is a DSM-5-TR and Its Purpose
According to its definition, a DSM-5-TR, or so-called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, being a fifth edition and text revision version, is a comprehensive classification and evidence-based tool published by the American Psychiatric Association. Basically, this guidebook is used by healthcare professionals, primarily psychiatrists, psychologists, and clinicians, to diagnose and classify mental disorders. As such, the main purpose of a DSM-5-TR is to provide a standardized framework for diagnosing and classifying mental health disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). By offering standardized criteria for each disorder, such a manual ensures all the diagnoses are consistent and reliable across different practitioners and settings. In turn, a mentioned DSM-5-TR is a latest version of this manual that was updated in 2022, while an original DSM-5 was published in 2013, and it was before its last text revision.
Editions
The diagnostic and statistical guidebook has eight updates, with DSM-5-TR being the latest. Basically, the number of diagnoses changed in each DSM’s update (First et al., 2022). In this case, a current version contains details on anxiety, bipolar, depression, feeding and eating, obsessive-compulsive, and personality disorders. Moreover, this document contains more diagnoses, like binge eating, hoarding, and premenstrual dysphoric disorders, which are not present in other manuals. However, a DSM-5-TR lacks a section on Asperger’s disorder, which appears as a subtopic under an autism spectrum category.
Credibility
Scholars cite evidence from DSM-5-TR in APA 7 and 6 when writing papers on psychological disorders. In particular, DSM-5-TR guidelines contain credible details for supporting scholarly arguments (Raskin et al., 2022). However, one must follow the necessary guidelines when citing evidence from a DSM-5-TR. For example, APA 7th and 6th manuals provide clear guidelines for in-text citations and bibliographic entries (American Psychological Association, 2019). Moreover, there exist slight differences between the two methods. In turn, this guide provides the necessary steps that a writer must follow to prepare credible citations for a DSM-5-TR. Besides, guiding principles entail citing manuals found in various forms and their chapters.
Format
| Disorder Name | Diagnostic Criteria | Associated Features | Prevalence | Development and Course | Risk and Prognostic Factors | Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major Depressive Disorder | – Depressed mood lasting during almost the whole day, nearly every day. – Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities. – Significant weight loss or gain. – Insomnia or hypersomnia. – Fatigue or loss of energy. – Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt. – Diminished ability to think or concentrate. – Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. | – High levels of anxiety. – Substance abuse. – Physical complaints. – Social withdrawal. | – About 7% in the general population. | – Often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. – Typically, episodes last at least 2 weeks but can continue for several months or longer. | – Family history of depression. – Female gender. – Adverse childhood experiences. – Low socioeconomic status. | – Variability in the expression of symptoms based on cultural norms. – Some cultures may emphasize somatic symptoms more than emotional symptoms. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | – Excessive presence of anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months. – Difficulty controlling the worry. – Restlessness or feeling keyed up. – Being easily fatigued. – Difficulty concentrating. – Irritability. – Muscle tension. – Sleep disturbance. | – Muscle aches. – Trembling. – Nausea. – Headaches. | – About 3% in the general population. | – Median age of onset is 30 years. – Chronic course, with fluctuating levels of anxiety throughout life. | – Genetic predisposition. – Environmental stressors. – Temperamental factors, such as behavioral inhibition. | – Cultural factors may influence the content of worries and how anxiety is expressed. |
| Schizophrenia | – Delusions. – Hallucinations. – Disorganized speech. – Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. – Negative symptoms (e.g., diminished emotional expression). | – Social dysfunction. – Occupational dysfunction. – Cognitive impairment. | – About 0.3% to 0.7% in the general population. | – Typically manifests in periods of late adolescence or early adulthood. – Course is variable, with some individuals experiencing progressive decline. | – Family history of schizophrenia. – Pregnancy and birth complication. – Older paternal age. | – Cultural and socioeconomic factors may influence the presentation and interpretation of symptoms. |
| ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) | – Persistent pattern of inattention aspect and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with normal functioning or development. – Symptoms present before age 12. – Symptoms present usually in two or more settings (e.g., home, school). | – Academic underachievement. – Difficulty maintaining relationships. – Low self-esteem. | – About 5% in children and 2.5% in adults. | – Often identified in elementary school. – Symptoms may diminish with age, but many individuals continue to experience impairing symptoms into adulthood. | – Genetic factors. – Low birth weight. – Exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or drugs during pregnancy. | – Cultural expectations may affect the recognition and diagnosis of ADHD symptoms. |
Note: This table is a simplified representation of a DSM-5-TR format and does not cover all the details present in an entire manual. In this case, each disorder in a DSM-5-TR guidebook includes extensive information on diagnostic criteria, associated features, prevalence, development and course, risk factors, culture-related diagnostic issues, gender-related diagnostic issues, differential diagnosis, and comorbidity (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). As such, a DSM-5 format refers to a standardized framework used by the American Psychiatric Association for diagnosing and classifying mental disorders, including specific criteria, associated features, prevalence, and other relevant information for each disorder.
Citing a DSM-5 in APA 7
APA 7th edition requires writers to provide credible citations to avoid unnecessary cases of plagiarism. Basically, one must identify adequate details to ensure a particular reference entry meets necessary standards (American Psychological Association, 2020). Hence, possible guidelines that one must use for bibliographic entries and in-text citations for a DSM-5 are:
Bibliographic Entry for APA 7
A bibliographic entry of a DSM-5 must contain a name of a publishing organization, date, and title. In some cases, writers should include more bibliographic details, depending on a particular type of sources. Basically, entries for a DSM-5 obtained from a website must contain an accurate DOI or link. In this case, one must use periods to separate all the details in bibliographic entries. Moreover, APA 7th edition does not require commas for reference list entries. In turn, a unique title of a DSM-5 must appear as italicized. Hence, the following is a citation scheme and actual example of a reference entry for a DSM-5 in APA 7:
Citation scheme of a DSM-5 in APA 7:
Publishing Organization. (Year of Publication). Title of a DSM-5 (Edition of a Manual). DOI
Example of a reference entry of a DSM-5 in APA 7:
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
A scheme and example provided above show that a DSM-5’s title appears in a sentence case. Furthermore, only the first word and nouns should begin with uppercase letters. In turn, other words must start with lowercase letters.
Citing a Chapter of a DSM-5 in APA 7
APA 7th edition allows scholars to cite information obtained from a specific chapter. In some instances, one may opt to cite details from a specific section. Basically, a unique title of a specific chapter must follow a publication year and should appear in a sentence case. Further on, one must use a phrase “In” before a DSM-5’s title. In turn, a bibliographic entry must capture a chapter’s title. Hence, examples of a scheme and bibliographic entry that contains a chapter of a DSM-5 are:
Scheme Example of a Chapter of a DSM-5 in APA 7:
Publishing Organization. (Year of Publication). Title of a chapter cited. In Title of a DSM-5 (Edition of a Manual). DOI or Link
Reference Example of a Chapter of a DSM-5 in APA 7:
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Cautionary statement for forensic use of DSM-5. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
One must observe collection punctuations when developing bibliographic entries that contain chapters. In principle, details should appear between periods. Finally, one must avoid separating an entry and DSM-5 title with a comma.
In-Text Citation Rules for a DSM-5 in APA 7
APA 7th edition requires writers to use three types of in-text citations. In this case, authors may decide to use parenthetical and narrative in-text citations. Furthermore, the two methods require students to follow necessary guidelines. Hence, schemes and actual citations that one should use to avoid accidental plagiarism are:
Parenthetical In-Text Citation. A standard citation format should include an edition, initials, author, and publication date. Besides, a semicolon should separate a specific edition and initials. However, one should use a comma to separate an author and publication date. In turn, details must appear inside the rounded parenthesis when citing a DSM-5 in APA 7.
(Edition; Initials; Author, Publication Year)
(5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Narrative In-Text Citation. A writer may decide to use narrative formats to make necessary citations. In this case, one should include an author, publication year, title of the source, initials, and edition. Besides, only a publication year, edition, and initials should appear inside rounded brackets. Then, a title of a particular source should appear in a title case and italicize all the words. Moreover, one should use a comma to separate a specific edition and initials of a manual. In turn, all significant words must begin with uppercase letters. Hence, the following is a scheme and example of an in-text citation:
Author (Publication Year) Title of a DSM-5, (Edition; Initials)
American Psychiatric Association’s (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5)
Subsequent In-Text Citation. Lengthy papers may require scholars to use subsequent in-text citations. In this case, one must use a correct format to meet specifications. For parenthetical citations, one should use the following format:
(Author, Publication Date)
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Narrative in-text citations require one to include a publication date in parentheses only. In this case, an author’s name should not appear inside rounded brackets. Besides, one should not use a comma to separate these details. Hence, the following is a scheme and example of a subsequent narrative in-text citation format:
Author (Publication Date)
American Psychiatric Association (2013)
Footnote in APA 7
Footnotes play a significant role in providing additional details about in-text citations in APA 7. Basically, one should insert superscripts following any punctuation mark in a body of a paper. However, a superscript should not follow a dash. Then, a particular footnote callout should only appear inside a parenthesis if it pertains to the information enclosed. Moreover, one should not include a footnote callout in a heading. In turn, actual footnotes should appear at the bottom of an entire page on which they appear. Hence, the following is an example of a footnote for a DSM-5 in APA 7:
1For more information about diagnostic criteria and codes, see Chapter 2 of this DSM-5.
One may include footnotes on a separate page of an entire document. In this case, such footnotes should appear after a reference page. Moreover, one must center a bolded title “footnote.” In turn, each footnote entry should begin at 5 inches from a left margin.
Citing a DSM-5 in APA 6
APA 6th edition omitted some details when developing DSM-5 citations. Despite this problem, this referencing style is still acceptable among scholars, while they need to cite their research papers correctly (American Psychological Association, 2020). Hence, some guidelines for developing a bibliographic entry, in-text citation, and footnote are:
Bibliographic Entry for APA 6
Bibliographic entries for citing a DSM-5 in APA 6 must contain a specific name of a publishing organization, date, and title. Basically, writers should look for other essential details, like a DOI for manuals found in online databases or links. Moreover, scholars should use periods to separate bibliographic details in each entry. As a rule, one should italicize a DSM-5’s title. Besides, one should write a title in a sentence case, which resembles a 7th edition. Hence, the following is a scheme and actual example of a reference entry for a DSM-5 in APA 6:
Citation scheme for a DSM-5 in APA 6:
Publishing Organization. (Year of Publication). Title of a DSM-5 (Edition of a Manual). DOI or Link
Reference example for a DSM-5 in APA 6:
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Citing a Chapter of a DSM-5 in APA 6
APA 6th edition allows students to obtain evidence from a specific subjection or chapter. In this case, a particular title of a cited section must appear in a sentence case, following a year of publication. Besides, writers should use a phrase “In” before a DSM-5’s title. Hence, the following is a correct format for citing a chapter from a DSM-5 in APA 6 that one must follow when writing an entry:
Citation scheme of a DSM-5’s chapter in APA 6:
Publishing Organization. (Year of Publication). Title of a chapter cited. In Title of a DSM-5 (Edition of a Manual). DOI or Link
Example of a reference for a DSM-5’s chapter in APA 6:
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic criteria and codes. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Citation examples provided above show that periods must separate all the details included in a title. Besides, students must avoid using other punctuation marks like commas when preparing bibliographic entries for a DSM-5’s chapter in APA 6.
In-Text Citation Rules for a DSM-5 in APA 6
APA 6th edition requires writers to use parenthetical and narrative in-text citations. In both cases, one can use subsequent in-text citations. Hence, examples of citation formats and actual in-text citations below show specific guidelines that one should follow:
Parenthetical In-Text Citations. In-text citations should include an author and publication date. Basically, students should use a comma to separate an author and publication date, which must appear inside a rounded parenthesis.
(Author, Publication Year)
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Narrative Citation. A writer may decide to use narrative formats inside an entire text. As a rule, narrative entries should include an author and publication year. In this case, a publication year must appear inside rounded brackets. Then, an author’s name should not appear in brackets. Besides, one should use a space to separate an author and publication date contained inside brackets. Hence, a prudent writer should use the following scheme and example of a narrative in-text citation:
Author (Publication Year)
American Psychiatric Association (2013)
Subsequent Citation. APA 6th edition requires scholars to use subsequent citations to support all the quoted or paraphrased details. Basically, writers must use a correct format to avoid all forms of plagiarism in their essays or research papers. Hence, the following scheme and example show a correct format of a subsequent parenthetical citation:
(Author, Publication Date)
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Subsequent narrative in-text citations require one to use an author and publication year. In this case, a publication date must appear inside rounded brackets. Furthermore, students should use a space to separate an author’s name and a publication date. Hence, the following scheme and example show a correct subsequent narrative in-text citation.
Author (Publication Date)
American Psychiatric Association (2013)
Footnote in APA 6
Writers use footnotes in APA 6 when providing more details concerning a citation. As a rule, one must insert superscripts following any punctuation mark in a paper’s body, which acts as a footnote callout. However, a supper script should precede a dash. Further on, footnotes should not appear in a heading or inside brackets. In exceptional cases, students may include a footnote callout inside brackets if it supports the details enclosed. Hence, one should use the following scheme to format a footnote in APA 6:
1For more information about emerging measures and models, see Chapter 3 of this DSM-5.
APA 6th edition requires one to include footnotes on a separate page of a document, which appear as endnotes. In this case, notes should appear after a reference page, which contains a centered and bolded title “footnote.” Moreover, one should indent each entry at five inches from a left margin.
Differences
The main difference between 7th and 6th editions in APA is a particualr use of initials and versions. For APA 7, parenthetical in-text citations should include a specific version of a particular manual and initials (American Psychological Association, 2019). In this case, an actual in-text citation should appear (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Moreover, these details should appear inside the rounded parenthesis. Then, a narrative in-text citation should appear as Author (Publication Year) Title of a DSM-5, (Edition; Initials). In particular, one must include a publication date, a manual’s version, and initials inside brackets.
Using an Acronym “DSM-5”
APA 7th edition allows scholars to use a specific acronym “DSM-5.” Basically, students should use such an acronym in an in-text citation, while a semicolon must separate this acronym and manual’s author (American Psychological Association, 2019). Moreover, a DSM-5 should precede a manual’s version. In other instances, writers may use this acronym inside an entire text. Basically, formatting rules require one to write a full transcription of this acronym followed by its short form in brackets. In turn, subsequent forms should appear as a DSM-5.
Tips
A term, such as DSM-5, refers to a handbook used by clinicians and psychiatrists in the United States. Basically, this manual contains information regarding all mental-related health disorders for adults and children. When looking for descriptions, symptoms, and other details required for diagnosing psychological health conditions, professionals use this manual (Widiger & McCabe, 2020). Then, other important details may include statistics about the gender differences concerning some psychiatric conditions, the age of onset, effects of management, and conventional treatment approaches. In this case, APA 6th and 7th editions have specific guidelines that one should follow for DSM-5. As such, some of the essential tips include:
- Bibliographic entries in 6th and 7th editions should appear as:
Publishing Organization. (Year of Publication). Title of a DSM-5 (Edition of a Manual). DOI or Link - Bibliographic entries that contain a chapter’s title should appear as:
Publishing Organization. (Year of Publication). Title of a chapter cited. In Title of a DSM-5 (Edition of a Manual). DOI or Link - Parenthetical in-text citations in an APA 6th edition should appear as:
(Author, Publication Year - Parenthetical in-text citations in an APA 7th edition should appear as:
(Edition; Initials; Author, Publication Year) - The main difference between 6th and 7th editions is a particular use of initials and versions in an in-text citation format.
- Students may use an acronym “DSM-5” inside an entire text. In this case, formatting rules require one to write a full transcription of an acronym followed by its short form in brackets.
Citing a DSM-5-TR in APA 6 and 7
| Element | APA 6th Edition | APA 7th Edition |
|---|---|---|
| Author | American Psychiatric Association | American Psychiatric Association |
| Publication Date | (2022) | (2022) |
| Title | Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.) | Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.) |
| Publisher | American Psychiatric Association Publishing | American Psychiatric Association Publishing |
| DOI or URL | Include DOI if available. If not, use the URL if it was accessed online. | Include DOI if available. If not, use the URL if it was accessed online. |
| Edition Information | Indicate a particular edition and text revision (5th ed., text rev.) after a title. | Indicate a particular edition and text revision (5th ed., text rev.) after a title. |
| Italicization | Title of a manual should be italicized. | Title of a manual should be italicized. |
| In-Text Citation | (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) | (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) |
| Chapter Citation | Include a publishing organization, year, chapter title, “In” followed by a manual’s title in italics, edition, initials, DOI/URL | Include a publishing organization, year, chapter title, “In” followed by a manual’s title in italics, edition, initials, DOI/URL |
Citation scheme for a DSM-5-TR in APA 6 and 7:
Publishing Organization. (Year of Publication). Title of a DSM-5-TR (Edition of a Manual, Text Revision). DOI or Link
Reference example for a DSM-5-TR in APA 6 and 7:
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic criteria and codes. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text. rev). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
In-text & footnote citations:
(American Psychiatric Association, 2022)
American Psychiatric Association (2022)
American Psychiatric Association’s (2022) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR)
1For more information about emerging measures and models, see Chapter 4 of this DSM-5-TR.
Common Mistakes
- Incorrect Title Capitalization: Not using a title case rule for a manual’s title.
- Wrong Edition Information: Omitting or incorrectly stating a last edition of a particular manual.
- Improper Author Format: Listing authors as “American Psychological Association” instead of “American Psychiatric Association.”
- Incorrect Year of Publication: Using a wrong publication year.
- Omitting Publisher: Not including a publisher’s name in a reference entry.
- Incorrect Publisher Location: Including a publisher’s location, which is not required for a DSM-5-TR citation in APA 7th edition.
- Formatting Errors: Incorrect italicization or punctuation in a title.
- Misplaced Periods: Placing periods incorrectly within a reference entry.
- Incorrect URL Format: Not formatting a direct URL correctly when citing an online version.
- Misquoting Sections: Not specifying a cited section or page number when quoting specific parts of a DSM-5-TR.
Summing Up
This comprehensive guide on citing a DSM-5-TR in APA style details both 6th and 7th editions’ requirements. To cite a DSM-5-TR in APA format, people include an author (American Psychiatric Association), publication date (2022), its title (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) in italics, its edition (5th ed.), text revision (text rev.), its publisher (American Psychiatric Association Publishing), and a DOI number or a direct URL (online version). Further on, there are key differences between the two referencing editions, such as how to handle authors’ names and edition information. Finally, this article provides examples for citing specific chapters and using a DSM-5 acronym correctly, ensuring accurate and consistent citations for academic and professional writing.
References
American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
American Psychological Association. (2020). Concise guide to APA style.
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
First, M. B., Yousif, L. H., Clarke, D. E., Wang, P. S., Gogtay, N., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2022). DSM‐5‐TR: Overview of what’s new and what’s changed. World Psychiatry, 21(2), 218–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20989
Raskin, J. D., Maynard, D., & Gayle, M. C. (2022). Psychologist attitudes toward DSM-5 and its alternatives. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 53(6), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000480
Widiger, T. A., & McCabe, G. A. (2020). The alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD) from the perspective of the five-factor model. Psychopathology, 53(3–4), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507378
